Saturday, June 20, 2020
Promote tourism to UK by Tanzania Governments - Free Essay Example
Tanzania is situated just south of the equator in East Africa. The mainland lies between the areas of the great lakes: Victoria, Tanganyika and Malawi, with the Indian Ocean on its coastline to the east (Africa Guide Online 1). Tanzania has frontiers with the following countries; to the North; Kenya and Uganda, to the West: Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo, to the South: Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique, to the East: Indian Ocean (Tanzanian Government Online1). The country is also the home to the Kilimanjaro which is withits 19,340ft, the highest mountain in Africa (Africa Guide Online 1).Dodoma is the political capital with a population of 300,000, while Dares Salaam is the countries commercial capital (Tanzanian GovernmentOnline 1). Tanzania has three main climatic areas; the coastal area andimmediate hinterland, with tropical conditions and an average of 26.6 °C(80 °) and which is high in humidity; the central plateau, which is hotand dry and the third region is the semi-temperate highland areas, witha healthy and cool climate (Africa Guide Online 2). The hot periods arebetween November and February and the coldest areas between May andAugust (Tanzanian Government Online 1). In regards to when the bestseason for tourists to visit is, writers seem not to have found aconsensus; some suggest the standard tourist season is January andFebruary, as the hot dry weather at this time of the year is generallyconsidered to be the most ple asant (Lonely Planet Online). While othersargue that the best times to travel is between July through to Marchfor the Northern and Southern parts of Tanzania as well as Zanzibar.And for the Western area the months from May through to March are mostsuitable for tourist activities (Tanzania Online). Tanzania belongs to the poorest countries in the world. In 2005 thecountry has a population of 36,766,356 and a population growth rate of1.83% (2005 est.), while 36% (in 2002 est.) of the population is belowpoverty line (CIA Online). However, there are various numbers inregards to this subject, and some of them even claim that it is 50% ofthe population which lives below the poverty line (Tanzanian GovernmentOnline 1). And although the numbers are still shocking, there seems tohave been some improvement in terms of the poverty in Tanzania in thepast 20 or so years. Since in 1988, according to IFDA, there werenearly 12 million rural Tanzanians, or 60 per cent of the ruralpopulation, livi ng below the poverty line (IFDA, 1992, Cooksey, citedin Bierman and Moshi, 1997:77). The population in the mainland consist of 99% native Africans (of which95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes). And the other 1%consists of Asians, Europeans and Arabs. However, in Zanzibar the mixof populations differs, there are much more Arabs, some native African,and then mixes between the two (CIA Online). This again is mirrored in the religion represented, in the mainland its30% Christians, 35% Muslims and 35% indigenous beliefs, where as inZanzibar it’s more than 99% Muslim (CIA Online). The official language is Kiswahili or Swahili (called Kiunguja inZanzibar). English is the official primary language of commerce,administration and higher education. But Arabic is naturally widelyspoken in Zanzibar, and on top there are various further locallanguages all over Tanzania, naturally with more than 130 differenttribes (CIA Online). The GDP composition by sector looks as followed: agriculture: 43.2%, industry: 17.2%, services: 39.6% (2004 est.). The economy heavily depends on agriculture(coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum, cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves,corn, wheat, cassava (tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle,sheep and goats), accounting for almost half of GDP (85% of exports,employing 80% of work force). The official aid flow in 2000 was1,044.6million USD, which was 11.6% share of GDP in the year 2000.(Ellis and Freeman, 2005) Tanzania seems stable under the Mkapa president leadership, however,political paralysis and deep rifts between minorities seem to havemanifested themselves and are unlikely to disappear within the nearfuture. Also is the support of the opposition (against Mkapa) growing,leading in 2001 to massive rallies and sometimes even violence. The economy received massive boosts in 2001 with the opening of theBulyanuhu gold mine and in 2004 with the opening of the Songosongonatural gas field. Tanzania was also one of t he countries affected by the recent December2004 Tsunami. However, thankfully the government had enough time toreact to the warnings, and thus evacuate most of the area, leavingâ€Å"only†13 killed (Lonely Planet Online). Please see Appendix I on page 3233 for a brief outline of the earlier history of Tanzania. The following dissertation will begin by looking at the current statusand issues in Tanzania’s tourism industry. The second chapter will lookat the very timely issue of sustainability in tourism and in regards toTanzania and the also the UK consumers attitude towards it. The thirdchapter will examine the role of governments in the tourism process. Inthe fourth chapter the marketing tools for a tourism destination willbe analysed. This is then followed by the methodology, which willexplain the methods and methodology used for this dissertation. Thenthe findings are presented, and interpreted. Finally a conclusion willbring to a close the dissertation. Furt hermore, naturally, there arethe references, bibliography and some appendices. The dissertation will by no means be exhaustive, due to the time, word,monetary and access restraints. It is merely designed to give someideas towards a possible way of a better promotion of Tanzania inregards to the UK market. Literature Review Chapter 1: Tanzania and Tourism Before looking at what the means for promoting tourism are, firstly ananalysis of the current state of tourism and its problems in Tanzaniais necessary. Wangwe et al. (1998:67) write on tourism possibilities: â€Å"Tanzania isblessed with many attractions for tourism including wildlife, MountKilimanjaro, and beautiful beaches. There are also many cultural andhistorical attractions as well, such as traditional ngomas, andZanzibar and other coastal towns whose sights show the interaction ofEast Africa with many ancient civilizations including the Romans, theIndians and the Middle East†. Tourism in Tanzania is a fairly new development. In fact â€Å"for nearlythree decades after Tanzania’s independence, tourism kept a very lowprofile. However, the National Tourism Policy, which was put in placein 1991, and the government policy of trade and economic liberalizationhave had a positive impact on the acceleration of tourism development †.And â€Å"As of 1994, the National Park system had expanded to eleven,namely, Serengeti, Ruaha, Ngorongoro, Mikumi, Tarangire, Katavi,Kilimanjaro, Rubondo, Manyara, Arusha and Gombe Stream†. Also â€Å" In 1994about 262,000 tourists visited Tanzania†(Wangwe et al. 1998:67)†. In fact, tourism is Tanzania’s fastest growing sector, however stillcounting for less than 10% of GDP (Author Unknown, Nov.2002). Andtourism is also Tanzania’s second largest foreign exchange earner(Author Unknown, 01/02/1998). Pollock (cited in Fennell, 2003) writesthat tourism has started to be an important part in the economy ofTanzania. However, the importance of game conservations has beenrecognized nationally as well as internationally, standing in directcontrast to tourism development. And also although tourism may help tofund conservation and development, the reliance on it can beproblematic due to the fickle nature of the market (Smith and Duffy,2003). Ho wever, the tourism industries mission statement which forms the basisof the tourism planning policy is to: â€Å"†¦.develop quality tourism thatis ecologically friendly to the conservation and restoration of theenvironment and its people’s culture†(Author Unknown, TanzaniaGovernment Online 2). Nevertheless, National Parks are already often overcrowded, and this isdeveloping into a serious problem (Hein, 1997). The Sopa Lodges inTanzania are fully booked throughout the summer, and Agent NinaWennersten of Woodcliff Lake says that Tanzania’s tourism has doubledin each of the last two years (Ruggia, 2004). Also the Africa SafariCo’s chief executive Susie Potter said that the year 2005 was shapingup to be a great year for them (Travel trade, 17/11/2004). Smulian(2005) writes that â€Å"agents should advise visitors hoping to see thestunning wildlife of Tanzania’s national parks to book early this year,after the countries best-ever season saw o verbooking at lodges lastsummer†. All in all it seems that Tanzanians tourism market is booming.The UK is in fact the largest tourism market for Tanzania, saysdirector of the Tanzania Tourist Board, Peter Mwenguo. He also notes in2004 that the tourism industry in Tanzania is booming now (Ruggia,2004). And although environmental efforts seem to be taken seriously, such asthe Serena Hotel Chain in Tanzania, which operates to environmentalstandards that are among the world’s best (Middleton and Hawkins,1998). Nevertheless, the country is lacking in adequate infrastructureand there seems to be no multi-sectoral approach, nor has thedevelopment of tourism been very coordinated (Wangwe et al. 1998:68). This then leaves the government with various difficulties in developinga sustainable tourism policy, and writers such as Schmale (1993) giveexamples of Tanzania in regards to the socio-political and economicalenvironment and the challenges local organizations face. For ex amplethere is the problem of the socio-cultural impact on the Maasai peoplewhose traditional territory includes the National Parks. â€Å"Employmentfor the Maasai living around these parks was limited to posing forphotographs and selling craft souvenirs (Bachman, 1988, cite in Halland Lew 1998:63)†. Tanzania targets high-spending tourists and the steep rise in touristnumbers have increased the pressure on services (Author Unknown,Nov.2002). The country is thus opening up opportunities along theIndian Ocean shoreline (Author Unknown, Nov.2002) namely the CC Africalodges on less-visited parts of Tanzania (Dunford, 2004). However, Vesely (2000) comments that there are also plenty ofpossibilities for not so wealthy visitors to go to Tanzania, and thatthere are well developed camp-sites, tented camps and motel stylefacilities. However, in the past eight years, there also has been some negativenews on Tanzania. Just recently there were two British students shot ina violent ambush on the Island of Pemba in Tanzania (Dennis, 2004). TheForeign and the Commonwealth Office immediately updated the traveladvice, since last month there was already a fatal shooting of aBritish tourist and a fatal shooting of a British businessman inTanzania. And tour operators do believe that this will hit touristnumbers in a negative way (Dennis, 2004). Unfortunately, theseincidents have not been the first once, and there have been eventsalready in earlier years. In 1998, US embassies in Kenya and Tanzaniawere bombed by terrorists, naturally resulting in heavy cancellationsfrom US tourists at the time (Berger, 1998). Furthermore were theresome political violence incidents in Zanzibar in 2001, which spoiledthe reputation of Tanzania as a stable and progressive democracy(Vesely, 2001). One could expect and argue that all of these incidentshad negative impacts on the tourism in Tanzania, and thus a specialpart in Chapter 4: Tourism and Marketing will be allocated toward themark eting of a destination in crisis. The above chapter has outlined that Tanzania’s tourism industry isperforming very well, and that indeed the UK tourists are their primemarket. In fact, there were even overbooking last year, due to suchhigh demand. Consequently, there are new resorts opening up and it isquestionable to whether one should further exploit the tourismopportunities, in the light of sustainable development and tourism. Although modern mass tourism only appeared post war 1950’s (Weaver andOppermann, 2000 and Winpenny, 1991), the results that uncontrolledexploitation of tourism opportunities has shown is catastrophic, as canbe seen on examples such as the Spanish coast (Richards and Hall,2000). Thus unsurprisingly, sustainability is arguably the new fad wordin the tourism industry, since many destinations now faceenvironmental, socio-cultural and even economical damages caused by thechaotic growth of (mass) tourism. In fact; â€Å"There are examples fr omalmost every country in the world, where tourism development has beenidentified as being the main cause of environmental degradation†(Lickorish and Jenkins, 1999:85). Therefore, the practice of sustainable development is of crucialimportance. The definition offered at the Globe ’90 Conference inVancouver for sustainable tourism and development was as followed;â€Å"Sustainable tourism development is envisaged as leading to managementof all resources in such a way that we can fulfil economic, social andaesthetic needs while maintaining cultural integrity, essentialecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems†(Tourism Stream Action Committee 1990, Ledbury cited in Hein, 1997:30). Tourism’s impacts can be divided into three elements; economical,environmental and socio-cultural (Coltman, 1989). Thus, those are thethree headings that not only the sustainable debate, but also otheroutcomes should be measured at. Therefore, accord ing to sustainabletourism, three points have to be achieved through tourism development: 1.   Increasing economic value of tourism 2.   An improvement in the life quality of people 3.   Protection and responsible use of natural resources (Keyser, 2002) And also consumers are responding to this new sustainability â€Å"trend.In fact, mainstream consumer preferences are being influenced by thismovement for responsible forms of tourism (Goodwin cited in Jenkins etal. 2002). And Butcher (2003) notes on an important shift to a growthin ethical consumption. Thus, sustainability also indirectly influencesthe economic impact, in terms of consumer choices for sustainability. Especially our target market, the UK, seems to show an interest incriticism of tourism development and â€Å"bad tourism and tourists†(Allenand Brennan, 2005). Therefore, sustainability development and tourismshould be practiced by the Tanzania government and tourism in dustry.Not only because it will help to ensure that the environment will notget too spoiled and thus leave good prospects for future tourismbusiness, but also because it might arguably be seen as favourable bythe UK target market. The involvement of governments in the process of tourism promotionarguably varies in levels depending on the country. And thus thequestion arises whether and when governments should be involved, notonly in the marketing, but in the business of tourism. Jeffries (2001) argues that due to the cooperation and coordinationrequired, due to the complexity of the industry and its products,debatably only the government has the authority and apparatus toorganize such successfully. Furthermore does he outline that â€Å"in verypoor developing countries (such as Tanzania) governments are encouragedby aid programmes to use tourism not only as a tool to combat povertybut as a means for encouraging and financing biodiversity and natureconservation, a matter of co nsiderable interest in donor communities†(Jeffries, 2001:106). Therefore, it could be suggested that the governments involvement seemsof crucial importance to the success of Tanzania’s tourism future, butalso to the country in itself in terms of sustainability on theeconomic, environmental and socio-cultural aspect. In fact, the Tanzanian government seems to have recognized such, andis highly concerned with improving the infrastructure quality anddiversity, ease of destination entry formalities, revision ofapplicable taxes and maintenance of peace, stability and security,regulation of foreign exchange regulations and controls (TanzaniaGovernment Online 2). â€Å"†¦. marketing is a strategic process that aims to fit the resources ofa destination to the opportunities existing in the market†(Godfrey andClarke, 2000:125). Following the thought of this quote, one couldpostulate that marketing is finding a way to identify the market whichwill be interest ed in the resources available. Before the promotion of the destination starts, a marketing plan should be established. The marketing process which results in a marketing plan should focus on answering four questions: †¢Ã‚   Where are we now? [situation analysis; PEST and Porter’s 5forces and SWOT]; †¢Ã‚   Where do we want to be? [marketing objectives]; †¢Ã‚   How do we get there? [strategies and tactics]; †¢Ã‚   How do we know if we’ve got there? [monitoring; before-and-afterresearch, marketing productivity ratios, evaluation and control]. (Godfrey and Clarke, 2000) This should then lead to 2 different marketing plans, a 3-5 yearstrategic marketing plan, setting the outlines for the activities andthe directions for the annual plans. And the annual or the tacticalmarketing plan which should have detailed actions and methods formonitoring achievement (Godfrey and Clarke, 2000). Then it is important to loo k at the consumer behaviour. The consumerbuying process can be broken down into five steps: Problem Recognition,Information Search, Evaluation of Alternatives, Purchase, Post-PurchaseEvaluation or behaviour (Dibb et al., 2001 and Kotler et al. 1993:47).It is debatably of crucial importance to understand the behaviour ofthe consumers, as especially during the information search and theevaluation of alternatives stages they are faced with so many possibletourism destinations. Pike (2004) argues that consumers nowadays havemore product choices but less decision making time than ever before.Therefore underlining that the means in which the consumer comes incontact with the marketing effort of Tanzania, arguably needs to bememorable and favourable. Pike (2004) further outlines this by arguingthat the size of a consumer’s decision set of destinations will belimited to approximately four, and destinations not included in thatset, are much less likely to be chosen. Next the market segment for Tanzania needs to be identified. â€Å"A marketsegment can be defined as ‘a subgroup of the total consumer marketwhose members share common characteristics relevant to the purchase oruse of the product’†(Holloway, 2004: 116). There are different types of segmentation; geographic segmentation,demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behaviouralsegmentation (Kotler et al. 1999). Due to the given constraints, it isimpossible to undertake serious market segmentation in thisdissertation. After the segmentation has been decided upon, the destination needspositioning. The successful implementation needs to follow these sevensteps. 1. Identify the target market in travel context 2. Identify the competitive set of destinations in the target market and travel context. 3. Identify the motivation/benefits sought by previous visitors and non-visitors. 4. Identify perception of the strengths and weaknesses of each of the competitive set of destinations. 5. Identify opportunities for differentiated positioning. 6. Select and implement the position. 7. Monitor the performance of the positioning strategy over time. (Pike, 2004:117) The positioning elements consist of the destination name, a symbol anda slogan (Pike, 2004). The name, in a case for a tourist destination isnaturally already given, However, the Tanzanian government should thinkof a creative symbol that will stay in people’s mind. Also (accordingto Pike, 2004) does Tanzania not have a slogan yet, therefore a catchyslogan such as â€Å"I          New York†should be developed. All of those efforts will help in creating a brand image. A brand ismore than a symbol; it’s a promise to the consumer, and thus representsmore than a logo (Pike, 2004). And since holidays are a high-riskpurchase, due to the fact that the tourist can neither directly observewhat is being bought nor try it out (Goodall and A shworth, 1988), itseems of vital importance that a strong brand image is developed. Andbrand loyalty can be easily measured by repeat and referral customers(Pike, 2004). There are three marketing strategies that lead to commercial success;low cost leadership, differentiation (high added value) and focus(specialization to uniqueness) (Holloway, 2004). From the aboveanalysis it could be argued that Tanzania does not rely on low costleadership, but rather on a differentiation strategy. In fact;â€Å"Differentiation is the path chosen by most brand leaders in anyindustry†(Holloway, 2004:270). The next step should be to communicate information and messages to thepublic, which can be done through four different ways; advertising,personal selling, sales promotion and publicity (Holloway, 2004). The advertising can take numerous forms and can vary from persuasive toreminder advertising, variations from high to low budget, from a moodor image to a fantasy or a lifestyle mess age, from newspaper totelevision, direct mail to radio and magazines to the timing of themedia (and many more) (Kotler et al., 1999). The success can be measured in the communication effect through copytesting. The pre-testing through the direct rating should naturally bedone prior to the release of the advertising. And for post-testing anadvertisement, recall tests or recognition tests can be used (ibid.).The sales effect should be measured, which however proves a ratherdifficult task. Although there often is a relationship betweenpromotional spend on sales, the exact correlation is almost impossibleto establish, due to so many other influences (Holloway, 2004). The RETOSA (Regional Tourism Organization of Southern Africa) marketingresearch and promotions manager Francis Mfune says that they need totarget the trade, especially wholesalers if they want to promote theirtourist destinations well (Ruggia, 2004, II). Therefore, it could beadvised that the government tries and establ ish good relations withwholesalers in the UK. The public relation is another promotional tool for the government ofTanzania. However, arguably not always are the public relationscontrollable. As can be demonstrated on the case were some tourismofficials of Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia blaming the negative mediapublicity which portrays Africa as a terrorist continent, for thebusiness loss in their tourism industries (Verde, 2003). The PR activities vary from press relations to product publicity,corporate communication, lobbying and counselling (Kotler et al. 1999).The Tanzanian government could use PR promotion in the form ofpublications, special events, news, and speeches (ibid.) And as for promoting Tanzania under the current problems with crime andterrorism, there are some steps to marketing of a destination in crisis: Step 1: Identify the event/problem as either a crisis or a hazard Step 2: Establish a crisis management team (Media and PR, relationswith the travel indu stry in source markets, destination responsecoordination with the local tourism industry, liaison with local andregional tourism authorities and foreign governments, governmentsadvisories and travel insurance and alliances with tour operators,airlines and hospitality industry representatives servicing thedestination in source markets) Step 3: Promoting the destination during and after a crisis Step 4: Monitoring recovery and analysing the crisis experience (Beirman, 2003). In the methodology, it will be outlined how theresearch was conducted, which designs and methods were used as well ashow the data was collected and an explanation of why the particularmethods were used. The research process onion (please see Appendix IIon page 34) developed by Saunders et al. (2003; 83) was used asguidance and hopefully helps elucidate research method and methodologyused to the reader. 1. Research philosophy The research philosophy is represented by two different corners ofthought; the r ealist (objectivist) and the relativist (subjectivist)(Saunders et al., 2003). Realist: positivistic, a stance of a natural scientist, believes inquantitative data and external realities. Relativist: interpretivism,believes in qualitative research and the social construction of reality(Saunders et al., 2003). It places a rather difficult task to identify which philosophy theresearch was based on, as there are parts of both corners apparent.However, the realist corner arguably was more present. To furtherexamine the different philosophies, it would be advisable to look atrealism and relativism in the view of ontology and epistemology.Ontology is described as the â€Å"assumptions we make about the nature ofreality†(Easterby-Smith et al. 2002: 31), while epistemology is theâ€Å"general set of assumptions about the best ways of inquiring into thenature of the world†(Easterby-Smith et al. 2002: 31). 1.1 How do we know what is valid During the first part of the d issertation, the research was focused onsecondary research, including some quantitative data. The disparitybetween some of the research makes it difficult to depict a clearpicture. The realist perspective sees validity in whether the researchprocedures can supply an accurate illustration of reality(Easterby-Smith, 2002). Arguably this proves almost impossible in the country of Tanzania, dueto the differences between Tribes, as well as due to the lack offormally conducted research, and the disparity of locations andconditions of living standards of people. However, for the secondaryresearch conducted about the theories of tourism, sustainability andmarketing, a reliable picture should have been depicted on the varioustheories and concepts. All the secondary data was gathered from books,academic journals, online databases such as Ebscohost.com, newspaperarticles and online resources. As for the primary research, only a small sample of research wasconducted, making the reliability of this preposterous. However, theprimary research was mainly used to tests some of the marketingtheories, to elucidate which efforts would be worth furtherconsidering. The reliability of the research is arguably more positive,as it is unlikely that the respondents would have given differentanswers to a different person. The generalizability of the research islimited however, although it might give insights into countries with asimilar tourism package, the research was made solely with Tanzania inmind. 2. Research Approach There are two different research approaches, one is theory testing,namely the deductive approach, and one is theory building, namely theinductive approach (Saunders et al., 2003). Again, it is most difficultto apply one approach only to the research. In the first part, thetheory is outlined, and in the primary research, it is tested. However,by no means can it be claimed that this dissertation has build atheory, and thus it is arguably more of a deductive rese arch approach. 3. Research Strategies â€Å"By a research strategy, we simply mean a general orientation to theconduct of business research†(Bryman and Bell, 2003:25). Bryman andBell however focused the research strategy on the distinction betweenresearches being conducted through quantitative or qualitative data.Whereas Saunders et al. (2003) see the research strategy more as ageneral plan of how one goes about answering the research question. 3.1 Case Study Daymon and Holloway (2002) describe the case study research as arigorous examination which uses multiple sources of evidence of asingle entity, which is fixed by time and place. It is best used wheninvestigations into the how and why are done. Saunders et al. (2003)see case studies as investigations into a timely topic, using numeroussources of evidence and collection methods including; questionnaires,observations, interviews and documentary analysis. In the first part of the dissertation, the focus was on gi ving aclearer picture of the product to be marketed. Because arguably, if onedoes not know what it is that has to be marketed, one can not identifythe means required to market the destination successfully. Therefore, firstly the country Tanzania was introduced, then the stateof tourism in Tanzania, followed by a brief outline of the timely issueof sustainability in tourism. Furthermore there is the chapter abouttourism and the government. Then the marketing means were identified,which could possibly yield a good result in attracting UK customers toTanzania, however, to tests whether those means had any ground to standon, the questionnaires were conducted, to analyse the peoples responseto the suggested means. Therefore, the how is attempted to be answered,and sometimes also the why. 4. Time horizons Again there was a mixed approach. For the first part of thedissertation, there was a longitudinal time horizon in some aspects, asthere were some historical facts. However, the main focus of timehorizon for this dissertation will be the cross-sectional, as it isfocused on what are the means nowadays, to attract UK tourists toTanzania (Saunders et al. 2003). 5. Data collection methods 5.1 Sampling Non-probability sampling was used in line with the case study approach(Saunders et al., 2003). Only 20 face to face interviews wereundertaken, which actually represents a very small sample from thenumerous possible UK tourists. This was done using purposive samplingin a homogenous way (Saunders et al., 2003). People who came outside ofa travel agent were asked to complete the face-to-face interviews withquestionnaire which consisted of specific questions 5.2 Market Research Questionnaires The questionnaire was constructed for the use of face-to-facesemi-structured interviews (Birn, 2000). The questionnaire had somestructured questions, being fixed-choice and pre-coded, and somestructured questions without fixed-choice (ibid.). To capture the data,note taking on the inquirers side was undertaken. 5.3 Questionnaire design Following is a brief outline of the various issues considered when designing a questionnaire: Wording; tiny changes in the wording can lead to completely different responses (Foddy, 1993). Design; as well as layout is of vital importance to avoid confusion (Sanchez cited in Bulmer, 2004). Sequence; the answer the respondents gives to one question, mightaffect the answer to the next question, thus paying attention tosequencing is important (Foddy, 1993). Sensitivity; especially when formulating sensible questions (Foddy, 1993). Memory; unfortunately, there are limits to the human memory (Foddy, 1993). In order to avoid ambiguity in the interpretation of the questions, thequestionnaire was pre-tested to ensure only one possible interpretationof the questions was possible (Noelle-Neumann, cited in Bulmer, 2004).But one has to take into account, that even if the questions areclearly understood by the responden ts, there may still be variations inwhat respondent’s say, as to what they actually mean or do (Lave et al.1977 Clement, 1982, cited in Machin, 2002). 6. Data Analysis The data from the face-to-face questionnaires was analyzed in a simplebasic way. Each question was analyzed by itself. The number of times acertain answer was given was counted and shown as findings. The answersin conjunction with the literature, mainly from chapter 4, were thenfurther interpreted in the interpretation of findings 7. Research Ethics The questionnaires were designed (hopefully) in a sensible way so thatpeople should not have felt uncomfortable answering the questions. 8. Politics of access There were no issues in regards to politics of access. In the following section, the results of theface-to-face questionnaires will be presented. For a copy of thequestionnaire, please see Appendix III on page 35. Question 1: When booking your holidays, what is most important to yo u? a.)   Great Bargain                   9 people b.)   Better value than other offers             9 people c.)   Something very exotic             2 people Question 2: Have you ever considered, or actually spend your holidays in Tanzania? a.)   Visited                      1 person b.)   Considered                   0 people c.)   Neither                     19 people Question 3: Do you remember any slogan in regards to tourism? a.)   Yes – example                 0 peo ple b.)   No                      20 people Do you recognise any of the two following slogans? a.)    â€Å"I          New York†               14 people (yes) b.)   â€Å"Malaysia – Truly Asia†             8 people (yes) Question 4: Could you please tell me the first destinations that you can think of when reading the following symbols. a.)   Pyramid          (Egypt)         20 people b.)   Eiffel Tower      (France or Paris)      20 people c.)   Mountain Kilimanjaro   (Tanzania)          4 people d.)   Red Square      (Russia or Moscow)      12 people Interpretations of findings Question 1: There seems to be an equal split between people preferring cheapholidays and holidays with value added. Thus arguably the low costleadership and the differentiation marketing strategies are the two tofocus on. However, since we do know that Tanzania is not focusing onlow cost leadership, the marketing strategy should therefore focus ondifferentiating its product from the others in the same market(Holloway, 2004). Question 2: Tanzania does not seem to be present in the consumers four destinationsdecision set (Pike, 2004), and thus making it an unlikely destinationchoice for the next holidays of the people asked. Only one person hadvisited Tanzania, and interestingly enough, it was one of the peoplewho answered that an exotic place is what is most important to them inthe first question. Arguably thus, it seems that the image of Tanzaniafor this person was as an exotique destination. Question 3: Although writers argue that a slogan is a great marketing tool toposition a destination, none of the people asked could out of the topof their minds recall any slogan at all for a destination. However,what is interesting, when showed two arguably quite well known slogansnamely the; â€Å"I          New York†and â€Å"Malaysia – Truly Asia†, many ofthe respondents recognized the New York one, while a significant eightrecognized the Malaysia one. Nevertheless, since the slogans were onlyrecognized after shown to the respondents, it is questionable if havinga slogan would have an impact on the consumer behaviour, as arguably itwill not enter the four destination decision set. Question 4: Symbols seem to form strong relationships with the consumers’ memory,and also the places they belong to. However, Kilimanjaro is not thatwell known, and although some people were aware that the mountain is inAfrica, most h ad no idea were exactly in Africa. One respondent eventhought that Mount Kilimanjaro was in Japan. Tanzania is a country in East Africa, which has plenty of beautifulgame resorts and National Parks, as well as the Mount Kilimanjaro and acoastal line, bringing the perfect opportunities for tourism.Unfortunately, Tanzania belongs to the poorest country on the earth,with still estimated 36-50% of the population living under the povertyline. Tourism is fast growing but however still makes only small amounttowards the GDP, but arguably has potential in helping to overcome atleast part of the poverty. Generally the country seems to have gainedpolitical stability, however, the odd violent oppositions withinespecially Zanzibar, and the few terrorist attacks on tourists in thepast 7 years are not all favourable for tourism. Tanzania’s tourism industry is fairly new, with fast accelerationhowever. And while, especially in the light of the poverty in thecountry, one has to reco gnize the possibilities of economic gain thattourism can bring, there are already signs of possible degradation onthe environment, and on the socio-culture, which does not only bring upthe question if it is worth the economic gain, but also will theyeventually lead to economic costs. However, the tourism industry does seem to make an effort in practisingsustainable tourism, and seems thus to focus on high spending consumersinstead of mass tourism, and also on the development of environmentallyfriendly hotel chains. Tourism numbers seem to boom, especially in the year 2004 and 2005.Therefore it is questionable if further promotion and attraction of UKtourists, which are already the largest market, is really desirable, orif it would not be wiser to focus on the sustainable growth of thishigh income market as it is now. However, new developments have arisenin terms that the coastal line is now opening, which arguably willattract an entirely different market, and the danger of mass tourism. The negative PR in regards of terrorist attacks on US and Britishcitizens will definitely not be favourable to the tourism industry, andthe Foreign and the Commonwealth offices have updated their traveladvises. Almost everywhere were there is tourism, it causes environmentaldegradation. And sustainability is not for nothing the new fad word ofthe industry. Also arguably it is good for marketing, as the new trend,also in the UK market, shows a clear interest in sustainability andtherefore arguably in destinations offering a sustainable touristdestination. Considering the poverty of the country, the still requiredinfrastructure, and the complexity of the tourism industry in itself,it seems of crucial importance that the government should be involvedin the tourism development. And thankfully, the Tanzanian governmentseems to agree, and has undertaken various projects and efforts in theright direction. Marketing should be concerned in successfully finding a market whe rethe product offered is sold because it fits the needs of the consumers.Therefore, firstly the marketing plan should be established, looking atthe macro and micro environment, then setting the objectives, and lookwhat strategies are needed to reach those objectives. Then set and usemeasures which will tell one whether the project has been successful. Naturally the consumer behaviour needs to be taken into consideration,then the market segments needs to be identified to correctly positionthe destination in afterwards. The position is all about the symbol andthe slogan, which will hopefully create a strongly recognized brand. From the primary research, one could argue that the differentiationstrategy would be a good one to take, as numerous people seem to beinterested in it. However, it seems that Tanzania might be moreidentified with an exotic place, and thus might have to reconsider itspositioning. More disturbing was however, that Tanzania was notexistent in the decision set o f the people, and furthermore, mostrespondents did not recognise the Mount Kilimanjaro with Tanzania.Therefore, it could be suggested that a strong slogan, with a strongsymbol, such as the Mount Kilimanjaro, should be implemented in orderto gain a stronger brand name and a better market positioning. However, it has to be stated again, that the primary research samplewas by no means large enough to base an entire marketing strategy onit, but due to its consistency, it might however provide someinteresting insights into the subject. Africa Guide Online 1:https://www.africaguide.com/country/tanzania/index.htm: accessed on the 25/06/2005 Africa Guide Online 2: https://www.africaguide.com/country/tanzania/info.htm: accessed on the 25/06/2005 Allen G. and Brennan F. (2004) Tourism in the New South Africa, SocialResponsibility and the Tourist Experience, London: I.B. Taurus Author Unknown (1998) Tourism Travel, Business Africa, 01/02/1998, Vol.17, Issue 3, p.11 Author Unknown (2002) TANZANIA: Tourism leaps ahead, African Business, Nov. 2002, Issue 281, p.54 Author Unknown (2004) Tanzania trail: new safari circuit, Travel Trade, 17/11/2004, p.14 Beirman D. (2003) Restoring Tourism Destinations In Crisis, A Strategic Marketing Approach, Oxon: CABI Publishing Berger L. (1998) Tourism and terror, Consumer Reports Travel Letter, Oct. 1998, Vol.14, Issue 10, p.219 Birn J. R. (1990, 2000) The Handbook of International Market ResearchTechniques (2nd edn.), Ebbw Vale; MRS (the market research society) Biermann W. and Moshi H. P. B. (1997) Contextualizing poverty inTanzania, Historical Origins, Policy Failures and Recent Trends, Dar esSalaam: Dar es Salaam University Press and Hamburg: LIT Verlag Bryman A. and Bell E. (2003) business research methods, Oxford: Oxford University Press Bulmer M. (2004) Questionnaires Volume I, London; Sage Publications Bulmer M. (2004) Questionnaires Volume II, London; Sage Publications Butcher J. (2003) The Moralization of Tourism, Sun, Sand †¦ And Saving The World? London; Routledge CIA Online: https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tz.html: accessed on the 25/06/2005 Coltman M. M. (1989) Introduction to Travel Tourism, An International Approach, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Daymon C. and Holloway I. (2002) Qualitative Research Methods in PublicRelations and Marketing Communications, London; Routledge Dennis J. (2004) Beauty spot hit by violent crime, Travel Weekly: TheChoice of Travel Professionals (Reed), 12/07/2004, Issue 1726, p.17 Dibb, S. Simkin, L. Pride, W. M. Ferrell, O.C. (2001) Marketing, Concepts and strategies, USA: Houghton Mifflin. Dunford J. (2004) Paying the price, Travel Weekly: The Choice of Travel Professionals (Reed), 29/03/2004, Issue 1711, p.53 Easterby-Smith M., Thorpe R. and Lowe A. (2002) Management Research, An Introduction (2nd edn.) London; Sage Ellis F. and Freeman H. A. (2005) Rural Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction Policy, London; Routledge Fennell D. A. (1999; 2003) Ecotourism, An Introduction (2nd edn.), London; Routledge Foddy W. (1993) Constructing questions for interviews andquestionnaires, theory and practice in social research, Cambridge;Cambridge University Press Godfrey K. and Clarke J. (2000) The Tourism Development Handbook, APractical Approach to Planning and Marketing, London: Cassell Goodall B and Ashworth G. (1988) Marketing in the Tourism Industry, The Promotion Of Destination Regions, New York: Croom Helm Hall C. M. and Lew A. A. (1998) Sustainable Tourism, A Geographical Perspective, New York; Longman Hein W. (1997) Tourism and Sustainable Development, Hamburg; Deutsches Uebersee-Institut Holloway J. C. (1992; 2004) Marketing for Tourism (4th edn.), Harlow: Prentice Hall Financial Times Jeffries D. (2001) Governments and Tourism, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann Jenkins T., Birkett D., Goodwin H., Goldstein P., Butcher J. and LeechK. (2002) Ethical Tourism, Who Benefits?, Reading: Hodder Stoughton Keyser H. (2002) Tourism Development, Cape Town: Oxford University Press Kotler P. and Bowen J. and Makens J. (1996: 1999) Marketing forHospitality and Tourism, International Edition (2nd edn.), New Jersey:Prentice Hall Kotler P. and Haider D. H. and Rein I. (1993) Marketing Places, New York: Free Press Lickorish L. J. and Jenkins C. L. (1997) An Introduction to Tourism, Oxford; Butterworth-Heinemann Lonely Planet Online: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/tanzania/: accessed on the 25/06/2005 Lugalla J. (1995) Adjustment and poverty in Tanzania, Bremen: Informationszentrum Afrika (IZA) Machin D. (2002) Ethnographic Research for Media Studies, London; Arnold Middleton V. T .C. and Hawkins R. (1998) Sustainable Tourism, Oxford; Butterworth Heinemann Novelli M. () niche tourism, contemporary issues, trends and cases, Burlington: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann Ole Baerenholdt J. and Haldrup M. and Larsen J. and Urry J. (2004) Performing Tourist Places, Hants: Ashgate Pike S. (2004) Destination Marketing Organisations, Oxford: Elsevier Richards G. and Hall D. (2000) Tourism and Sustainable Community Development, London; Routledge Ruggia J. (2004) In East Africa, Tourism Rebound Creates A Feast WhereThere Was Famine, Travel Agent, 02/08/2004, Vol. 317, Issue 10, p.14 Ruggia J. (2004, II) Reaching Out, Travel Agent, 13/09/2004, Vol. 318, Issue 5, p.44 Saunders M., Lewis P. and Thornhill A. (1997:2003) Research Methods for Business Students (3rd edn.) Essex; FT Prentice Hall Schmale M. (1993) The Role of Local Organizations in Third World Development, Aldershot: Avebury Smith M. and Duffy, R. (2003) The Ethics of Tourism Development, London; Routledge Smulian M. (2005) Demand exceeds supply, Travel Weekly: The Choice of Travel Professionals (Reed), 28/01/2005, Issue 1754, p.48 Tanzania Government Online 1: https://www.tanzania.go.tz/statisticsf.html: accessed on the 25/06/2005 Tanzania Government Online 2: https://www.tanzania.go.tz/tourismf.html: accessed on the 25/06/2005 Tanzania Online: https://www.tanzania-online.gov.uk/tourism/tourism.html: accessed on the 25/06/2005 Van den Dool L. (2003) Local Learning, The Role of African Local Public Organizations in Development Projects, Delft; Eburon Verde T. (2003) Officials: Easing clients fears is top priority, Travel Weekly, 02/06/2003, Issue 22, p.16 Vesely M. (2001) Zanzibar boils over, African Business, Mar. 2001, Issue 263, p.16 Vesely M. (2000) Tanzania says ‘Karibuni’, African Business, Nov. 2000, Issue 259, p.38 Wangwe S. M. and Semboja H. H. and Tibandebage P. (1998) TransitionalEconomic Policy and Policy Options in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam: Mkiui NaNyota Publishers Weaver D. and Oppermann M. (2000) Tourism Management, Brisbane; John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd Winpenny J. T. (1991) Values for the Environment, London; HMSO World Atlas Online 1: https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/africa/tanzania.htm: accessed on the 25/06/2005 World Atlas Online 2: https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/europe/uk.htm: accessed on the 25/06/2005 Bibliography Assael, H. (1998) Consumer Behavior and Marketing Action, (6th edn), Cincinnati: International Thomson Publishing. Author Unknown (2004) Travel to Tanzania with caution, Travel Trade Gazette UK Ireland; 09/07/2004, Issue 2622, p.6 Author Unknown (2004) Somak in web launch, Travel Weekly: The Choice ofTravel Professionals (Reed), 26/01/2004, Issue 1702, p.51 Author Unknown (2002) The game plan is taking shape, Travel Trade Gazette UK Ireland, 09/12/2002, Issue 2543, p.41 Babu S. and Wilson A. (2002) The Future That Works, Selected Writings of A. M. Babu, Trenton: Africa World Press, Inc. Czerniawski, R. D. Maloney, W. M (1999) Creating Brand Loyalty, TheManagement of Power Positioning and Really Great Advertising, U SA:AMACON, American Management Association, Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Elkan W. () Te Relation between Tourism and Employment in Kenya and Tanzania, Foxall, G. Goldsmith R. E. Brown, S. (1998) Consumer Psychology forMarketing (2nd edn), London: International Thomson Business Press. Ganesh, J. Oakenfull, G. (1999) International Product Positioning: AnIllustration Using Perceptual Mapping Techniques, Journal of GlobalMarketing, Vol. 13, The Haworth Press, Inc. Gobe, M. (2001) Emotional Branding, the new paradigm for connecting brands to people, New York: Allworth Press Kotler, P. (2003) Marketing Management (11th edn), USA: Prentice Hall, Pearson Education Inc. Laver P. (2000) Tourism Planning, Huntingdon: elm publications Scholz W. (1976) Tanzania’s Tourism Development, Cornell Hotel Restaurant Administration Quarterly, May 1976, Vol.17, Issue 1, p.87 Sturken B. (1996) U.S. reviews its travelling warnings after shootingin the Sere ngeti, travel weekly, 19/09/1996, Vol. 55, Issue 75, p.3 Tanzania Government Online 3: https://www.tanzania.go.tz/healthf.html: accessed on the 25/06/2005 Wilkie, W. L. (1994) Consumer Behavior (3rd edn), New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Williams, K. C. (1994) Behavioral Aspects of Marketing, London: Heinemann Tanzanian History 500-1000AD:    the Bantu expanded their lad from central Africa tonowadays Tanzania. In the 10th century the earliest Arab settlementsarrive at the coast. 1498:       the Portuguese first sail around Africa and drive away the Arab tradesmen. Approx. 1700: Omani Arabs settle in Zanzibar and drive away the Portuguese. In the following centuries trade routes inland are developed as far asnowadays Zaire. With this trade route the Swahili language and culturealso spread. 1885-1914:    at the Berlin conference in 1885 Germany demandsTanganyika, so the mainland becomes a German protectorate, during thesame period Zanzibar is a British protectorate. The Germans try toexploit Tanganyika in introducing European agriculture and a focus oncotton production. In 1904 a revolt is brutally suppressed and 75,000Africans were killed. 1919:   Following WWI Tanganyika is placed under the League of Nationsmandate. The British are given administrative power over the countrybut however the country is given little attention. 1929:    The Tanganyika African Association is founded, a politically oriented cultural movement. 1949:   after WWII Tanganyika becomes a United Nations trust territory under British rule. 1954:    The Tanganyika African Association is now called theTanganyika African National Union (TANU) and becomes a political party.And the chairman, Julius Nyerere, wins the first election of 1958 witha large majority. 9th Dec. 1961:   Tanganyika becomes independent, and in 1962 aWestminster political system is introduced and with a 97% Nyerere winsthe elections again. 1964:   Tanganyika together with Zanzibar forms together the TanzanianUnion. Zanzibar however does keep its own parliament and government aswell. 1967:       The Arusha Declaration 1973-1977:   The Ujama policy, to move rural people to villages on avolu ntary basis fails and people are increasingly forced to move, andfurthermore the country is struck by severe droughts. 1985:   Julius Nyerere is succeeded by Ali Hassan Mwinyi as the new president of Tanzania. 1986:   Mwinyi with the IMF and World Bank agrees on an adjustmentprogramme. Consequently the Tanzanian shilling is devalued, governmentexpenses are radically reduced and trade is liberalised. 1991-1992:   Discussion on political pluralism lead in 1992 to the acceptance of a multi-party system. 1993-1993:   Zanzibar secretly becomes a member of the IslamicConference. Which is however withdrawn a year later, but the TanzanianUnion is under pressure. 1995:   Since Mwinyi does not run for presidency again, BenjaminWilliam Mkapa becomes the new President, and he was also re-elected in2000. (Van den Dool (2003:92) Appendix III Questionnaire – Tanzania Tourism 1. When booking your holidays, what is most impor tant to you? d.)   Great Bargain e.)   Better value than others f.)   Something very exotic 2.) Have you ever considered, or actually spend you holidays in Tanzania? d.)   Visited e.)   Considered f.)   None 3.) Do you remember any slogan in regards to tourism? c.)   Yes – example d.)   No 3.1.   Do you recognise any of the two following slogans? a.)    â€Å"I          New York†b.)   Malaysia – Truly Asia 4.) Could you please tell me the first destinations that you can think of when reading the following symbols. e.)   Pyramid f.)   Eiffel Tower g.)   Mountain Kilimanjaro h.)   Red Square
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